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Introduction

There are many application frameworks around for various programming languages to simplify the development of web applications, sometimes though there comes a time when the ready-made solutions don’t cover what you need to do or don’t do what you need in an intuitive way. An application framework is often referred to as middle-ware or back-end s

According to USFDA, a combination product is one composed of any combination of a drug and device; biological product and device; drug and biological product

ystem. The goal is to take the heavy work away from the front-end that serves up to pages, abstract it, and push it down the stack of the operating environment. Common things included to make live easier in developing a web site front-end are handling of database interaction, templating for content and output files, communicating with remote servers, configuration of web site,

; or drug, device, and biological product and fixed dose combination would include two or more combinations of drug.

Examples of combination products may in

and handling email. In this article I aim to outline how you can create this functionality through an object-orientated mod_perl approach.

The front-end should make use of separate objects for each page/functional unit of the web site and should inherit from the base class, for our purposes we will call this Base.pm.

Base class, Configuration & Control flow

lude drug-coated devices, drugs packaged with delivery devices in medical kits, and drugs and devices packaged separately but intended to be used together.

A global configuration for your website can be used to store common attributes to the web environment, this would include paths and URL locations of content, data, images, etc. You could also include paths to email program or SMTP host used for sending email. Locations of template files you will use for content should also be specified in a configuration file. Other attribute

here is enormous increase in the number of combination products entering the market in the recent years. Combination products have proven advantages but fixe

s such as domain name, database details such as name, user and password, location of apache http auth password files and general purpose apache configuration directives. A good way to go about creating a system configuration is by defining what you need in a Perl module and call it Constants.pm and include it in the base class you are using to build framework. An example might

d dose combinations are still in the process of convincing regulatory authority on their advantages over the single ingredient formulations.

Combination pro

look something like:

#!/usr/bin/perl

package Website::Constants;

use constant DOMAIN => ‘www.mydomain.com’; use constant CONTENT => ‘/home/httpd/mydomain/content’; use constant TEMPLATE_PATH => ‘/home/httpd/mydomain/templates’

Control flow can be managed by a starter script which accepts what module to use along with its regular CGI parameters. This file should include

ucts have become life saving products for the pharmaceutical companies who doesn’t have many innovative molecules in their product pipeline and have been inc

any global options and/or variables, in our case here we initial a random number with srand to seed random functions and declare our database handle as $dbh.

Note the use of the hash to store object/page modules, using a lookup in this method prevents a nefarious user from inserting malicious code to be executed.

Starter script example:

#!/usr/bin/perl

use CGI; use CGI::

easingly used in the product life cycle management. Even the companies having product patents are trying to extend their product life cycle through the combi

Carp qw(fatalsToBrowser);

use lib '/srv/www/www.internationaljobsolutions.com/perl';

use Website::Base;

srand;

use vars qw($dbh);

my $q = new CGI;

my $actions = {

'Login' => 'Login',

'Search' => 'Search',

'ProductList' => ‘ProductList’,

'ProductDetail' => 'ProductDetail',

‘InternalError’ => ‘InternalError’,

…. };

my $action = 'Website::Actions::' . ($action

nation products and maximize the revenues. But the companies involved in this practice are overlooking that they are burdening the patients both economically

->{$q->param('action')} ||

'InternalError');

eval "use $action";

if ( $@ ) {

#…eval failed, do error handling here }

# execute object and return page $action->new();

Base.pm should contain the bulk of the required methods, any extensions to this should be created as subclasses. Here is an example object constructor for Base.pm which connects us to a database and logs a

and physically. They need to rightly judge the benefits of the combination products and they have to even look at the risks involved when combining the produ

n error if it fails. Every major action such as database interactions, reading parameters, template handling should produce debug error logs.

sub new {

my $self = [];

bless($self);

my $db_name = Website::Constants::DB_NAME;

my $db_user = Website::Constants::DB_USER;

my $db_pass = Website::Constants::DB_PASS;

$dbh = DBI->connect('DBI:mysql:'. $db_name, $db_user, $db_pass

ts. Some of the combination products were well accepted by physicians while others suffered. Companies involved in development of combination products are fi

;

$self->[DB_ERROR] = '';

unless ( defined($dbh) && $dbh ) {

$self->debug( 1, 'Unable to connect to MASTER DB!' );

$self->[DB_ERROR] = 'Unable to connect to DB!';

}

return $self; }

In the front end object the constructor would be something similar to this:

sub new {

my $proto = shift;

my $class = ref($proto) || $proto;

my $self = [];

bless($self, $class);

$self->

ding difficulty in defining their combination products and facing various challenges from selecting a combination to marketing it.

Following aspects would a

SUPER::new(); # inherit Base.pm and any other super-classes

$self->[PARAMS] = $self->get_cgi_params();

$self->[COOKIE] = $self->get_cookie(‘cookie_id');

$self->[TEMPLATE] = Website::Constants::TEMPLATE_PATH;

$self->[CONFIG] = $self->get_config();

my $cookie = $self->execute();

my $file = $self->[TEMPLATE];

my $params = $self->[PARAMS];

my $redirect = undef;

$self->res

dd to the challenges in developing combination products:

Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod

ponse( $file, $params, $cookie, $redirect );

return $self; }

The object instance defines collections from functions in the Base.pm module such as get_cgi_params(), get_cookie() and get_config().

The execute function handles the specific response to the query, of which there may be one (e.g. a search page and results page). The template attribute would be completed with th

cts are meaningful and rational?
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin

method called from the available actions available to execute().

The reponse() could can return a cookie along with content of any type (implemented Base.pm) such as HTML, plain text or an image. The two options available here are to include response() in Base.pm along with its handlers for each output type or create a Response.pm subclass, depending on your requirements. In

tions increase the patient compliance?
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen

this tutorial we will cover an HTML output method, fill_template() in Base.pm.

Also it is worth noting that the apache mod_rewrite function could, perhaps should, be used to translate simple paths into parameter lists for both clarity to the user and search engine spiders. An example of a simple rewrite expression in apache configuration: RewriteEngine On RewriteRule ^/Pr

t?

As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel

ductItem/id/([0-9]+)$ /perl/go?do=ProductItem&id=$1

Regular expressions are used to rewrite the URL, but that is outside the scope of this article, man perlretut will give you the man pages on Perl regular expressions which use the same syntax. Templating

Templating can be taken care off quite easily with modules from CPAN, you can take your pick from Template Toolkit or

ping new procedures for reviewing their safety, efficacy and quality.

Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust

HTML::Template (and probably several others). For this article we will be using HTML::Template. The idea here is to encapsulate the functionality of HTML::Template, extend it if necessary, and create an API interface that will suit our front-end application. Templating is quite an important part of an application framework as it is what ties your data to your visual output. H

y and representatives from various regulatory agencies are working out to design the regulatory requirements for manufacture and sale of combination products

TML::Template accepts a filename of a template file to create its object. Normally when you want to fill your template you set parameters one-by-one.

The following function could be used to create template and populate with values when all data has been processed for page and should be added to the Base.pm class or subclass.

sub fill_template {

my $self = shift;

my $file =

.

As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de

shift;

my $template_params = shift;

my $template = HTML::Template->new( filename => $file,

global_vars => 1,

die_on_bad_params => 0 );

unless($template) {

$self->debug(1, ‘FAILED TEMPLATE: Could not create document: ’. $file );

}

for (keys(%{$template_params})) {

if ($template->query(name => $_)) {

$template->param($_ => $template_params->{$_});

}

}

return $tem

elopment. They need to be wiser in analyzing the market trends and the regulatory requirements.

Companies that provide selfless information through particip

plate->output(); }<

If inherited in the front-end object, this could be accessed as follows in a function in this script:

my $file = Website::Constants::TEMPLATE_PATH . ‘/mytemplate.html’; my $params = $self->[PARAMS];

$self->fill_template($file, $params);

Coming in Part 2

I will go through database handling, email and remote services using SOAP and XML

tion in industry events and feedback to regulatory authorities would be able to face the challenges and will be successful in developing combination products

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